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Eastern Numerals Are Arabic
Not Transmitted From India (2)
So, a set of questions rest searching for answers, if it was right that Arabs have transmitted the numerals from India, where was the position of the Persian civilization from numerals and arithmetic?That is to say, what numerals has the Persian nation used, who may be described as an extension and a depth of the Indians', or even a sibling to them, and whose civilization's influence has spanned to Arabs even in their language with a number of words - such as: "Handasah هَندسة" [engineering] which is originally "Andazah"; "Dastja دَستجة" [a dozen] - for the Persian nation being nearer to Arabia than India? If those numerals have been a form of the (Indian numerals), what then prevented Arabs from transmitting them from Persia with the word "Handasah هَندسة" [engineering], which is a mathematical science?
Not only the closeness of the neighbourhood, but also Arabs' conquering Persia had started 635 AD, 13 AH (on the battle of "Qadesiyat القادسية", commanded by Sa'd Ben-Abi-Waqqass سعد بن أبي وقّاس), preceding any Islamic conquests in the Indian subcontinent?
Also, what does explain the transmittance of Arabic alphabet together with its oriental numerals to those who have embraced Islam of Indian and Persian races, and use them in writing their languages such as Urdu (Hindi), Punjabi, Pashto (of Afghanistan) and Persian? They write therewith to this date, confirming that Arabic numerals has started to crystallize to that form before Islam, but no mathematical science has spread them amongst Arabs as happened after Islam. And if such numerals were Indian, those who have taken them (in an oriental phase of theirs) together with the Arabic alphabet inside India or in Persia - having been prevailed across them and Afghanistan within 150 years (by 785 AD at most) - would have been the first to say: "Oh, these are our numerals!", and ancestors ought to name them "Indian numerals", but no one in Pakistan, Afghanistan or Iran - at least - has known such numerals but as "Arabic numerals", before westerners start to deviate the fact and the Indians believe it. Their today's form are:
In Urdu:
However, the numerals' transformation in the Arabic-East has continued following their transmittance into Persia, Afghanistan and Pakistan and getting stabled since then at that phase shown above.
In the same previous page of: "History topic: Indian numerals", being aforesaid, the author states that there are numerous Indian legal charters that bear dates or some other numbers within the text written in the place-value form. These include:
- A donation charter of Dadda III of Sankheda in the Bharukachcha region dated 346 in the Chhedi calendar which translates to a date in our calendar of 594 AD.
- A donation charter of Dhiniki dated 794 in the Vikrama calendar which translates to 737 AD.
- A donation charter of Danidurga dated 675 in the Shaka calendar which translates to 753 AD.
- An inscription of Devendravarman dated 675 in the Shaka calendar which translates to 753 AD.
- A donation charter of Shankaragana dated 715 in the Shaka calendar which translates to 793 AD.
- A donation charter of Nagbhata dated 872 in the Vikrama calendar which translates to 815 AD.
- 7. An inscription of Bauka dated 894 in the Vikrama calendar which translates to 837 AD.
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